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...0.jpg|мини|272x272пкс|Top plunge point location and velocity as a function of Froude number]] The plunge point is the main mixing point between river and epilimnetic reservoir water. <ref>https

...vided by either the rate of addition of water to the reservoir or the rate of loss from it [2]. ...are useful tools to reveal the relationship between the residence time and the water quality [3].

...highest level of the horizon (NPU) and the level of maximum development of the reservoir (UMO). ...ign.<ref>Wisser D. et al. Beyond peak reservoir storage? A global estimate of declining water storage capacity in large reservoirs // Water Resour. Res.

[[Файл:The-effect-of-the-coriolis-force-the-rocket-example-atmosphere-earth-sciences u-l-q135jew0.jpg|мини|Coriolis ...frame with clockwise rotation, the force acts to the left of the motion of the object. <ref>https://www.britannica.com/science/Coriolis-force</ref>

...watercourse <ref>Max Derruau , ''The forms of terrestrial relief. Notions of geomorphology'' , Paris, Armand Colin. 1969. – Vol. 8. – p. 42-52.</ref ...ion (the profile) of a watercourse. <ref>A. Oye Cukwurah, ''The Settlement of Boundary Disputes in International Law'', Manchester University Press, 1967

...<ref name=":0">[http://mgmtmo.ru/edumat/wmo/385.pdf International Glossary of Hydrology]</ref> Quantity of snow, or any other form of water in the solid state, which is added to a glacier, floating ice or a snow cover. <re

An escape of oil into the sea or other body of water.<ref>Cambridge Dictionaries Online // Choice Rev. Online. 2007. Vol. ...ponse methods.<ref>Cakir E., Sevgili C., Fiskin R. An analysis of severity of oil spill caused by vessel accidents // Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ

...nd around the edges of islands.<ref name=":0">Hicks F. The wonderful world of river ice. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. 2013.</ref> ...sest to the bank will freeze right to the river bottom. Further out, where the flow is moving faster, border ice can be very thin and fragile.<ref name=":

...ods that have been observed in the past can be complied by the analysis of the observed discharge data and runoff hydrographs.<ref>Peak-Flow Frequency Est ...on limb based on the measurable characteristics.<ref>Davie T. Fundamentals of Hydrology, Second Edition. – Oxon: Routledge, 2002.</ref>

...eatments to Filtrate Water.jpg|альт=Процесс водоподготовки|мини|300x300пкс|The water treatment process<ref>https://homespe.com/how-to-improve-water-qualit The act or process of making water more [[Potable water|potable]] or useful, as by purifying, cla

...ly expressed in mass or volume per unit of time<ref>International Glossary of Hydrology, World Meteorological Organization, 2012, 471 p.</ref>. ...ter concentrations in the Danube River from Landsat ETM data // Science of The Total Environment. V. 37 (1-3). 2008. P. 283-243. </ref>.

A hydrograph limb is a part of a [[hydrograph]]. ...] and stormflow (peakflow). A peak on the hydrograph can be separated into the rising and falling limbs.

...of sediments, as a result of the flow of sediment around the protrusion of the shore.

...Chetehouna, K., Gascoin, N., & Bao, W. (2018). The flow rate distribution of hydrocarbon fuel in parallel channels with different cross section shapes. ...N., Unwerth T. von Advanced parametric model for analysis of the influence of channel cross section dimensions and clamping pressure on current density d

...r principles of operation may be different, but the function is to measure the flow velocity. ...tends to have all the flow traveling around it<ref>USGS U.S. Department of the Interior. Flowmeter Evaluation and Application [Электронный ре

[[Файл:Дельта (космический снимок).png|альт=|мини|242x242пкс|Sattelite image of a river delta<ref>[http://www.onegeology.org/extra/kids/earthprocesses/delt ...river formed at the mouth of the river.<ref>[https://www.drishtiias.com/to-the-points/paper1/delta-3 https://www.drishtiias.com/delta]</ref>

...robic conditions. The organic matter content should be no less than 20% of the dry weight. <ref>Woo M.K. Permafrost Hydrology. – Springer. – Berlin, 2 ...m H. A. P. The transmission of water through peat: I. Review //The journal of Ecology. – 1975. – С. 535-556.</ref>

...h wetter west coast and the drier east<ref name=":0">Davie T. Fundamentals of Hydrology, Second Edition. Vol. 298. – Oxon: Routledge, 2008. – 200 p.< Manner in which the depth of rainfall varies in space and time <ref>https://en.termwiki.com/EN/rainfall_

...я.jpg|мини|The role of interflow temporary lateral runoff in the transport of weathering and soil formation products]] The waters that remain in the unsaturated zone of rock formation, which eventually reach rivers or lakes or are reabsorbed by

...=|мини|300x300пкс|Sediment core<ref>Wada Y. et al (2010). Global depletion of groundwater resources //Geophysical research letters. – Т. 37. – №. ...ed from the bottom of lakes.<ref>Smith M. W. Climate Change and the Limits of Permafrost: A Zonal Analysis. 2002, № 90 1–15 pp.</ref>

The top layer of the ground in a permafrost area, subject to seasonal freeze and thaw conditions

...g|альт=|мини|300x300пкс|Integral curve for average annual water discharges of river Volga in Volgograd<br /><br />]] ...nthropogenic, geomorphological, tectonical and other factors, which affect the river flow generation.

==Adjustment of rivers== # The natural capacity for adjustment of rivers in different valley settings <ref name=":0">River Character. (n.d.).

...d sink of organic pollutants in the northern South China Sea // Science of The Total Environment. – 2021. – Т. 765. – С. 144228.</ref>]] ...on the Extent and Severity of Sediment Contamination on Surface Waters of the United States. – 1996.</ref>

[[Файл:Saturated zone-14AF088C1E33642C127.gif|мини|Water Beneath the Surface]] ...all pores and fractures are saturated with water. Above the water table is the vadose zone.

...wer rate than the aquifer (similar to aquifuge).<ref>Davie T. Fundamentals of hydrology (2nd edition). London: Routledge, 2008, 221 p.</ref> ...tion in aquitards on plume persistence due to back-diffusion // Science of The Total Environment, 633, 1602–1612 рp, 2018. DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018

...|мини|300x300пкс|The global hydrological cycle. <ref>Davie T. Fundamentals of Hydrology, Second Edition. Vol. 298. – Oxon: Routledge, 2008. – 200 p.< ...cal Conditions and Microclimate: An Integrated Approach // Phytomanagement of Polluted Sites: Market Opportunities in Sustainable Phytoremediation. – 2

...ines, and river terraces) limit the lateral extent of the valley floor and the floodplain along a river <ref name=":0" /> ...a M. Fotherby, Valley confinement as a factor of braided river pattern for the Platte River / Geomorphology, 2009, 562-576, ISSN 0169-555X</ref>

Gravel-bed rivers are the river channels which are composed by gravel and cobbles. ...The geomorphology and management of a dynamics, unstable gravel-bed river: the Feshie-Spey confluence, Scotland''. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1016/S0928-2

...ale meanders of the jet stream in the Northern Hemisphere. <ref>Department of Geography and Environmental Science: <nowiki>http://www.geography.hunter.cu ...circulation created by colossal meander of air stream at high altitudes in the atmosphere (Also known as planetary wave). <ref>Woo M.K. Permafrost Hydrolo

Part of the total runoff entering the channel from one of the water sources. ...low paths as coupled with the amount and intensity of precipitation and/or the snow melting <ref>Gurtz J. et al. A comparative study in modelling runoff a

Number of years when on average one flood happens. ...c model of runoff generation and the probable maximum discharge // Journal of Flood Risk Management. – 2011. – Т. 4. – С. 115-127.</ref>

...should not be confused with [[siltation]], which involves the accumulation of only silt. ...by an isotope method based on the analyses of changes in 210Pb activity in the sediment profile [2].

...A. D., Keetch M. E., Vincent C. L. Topological and geometrical properties of braided streams // Water Resources Research. – 1970. – Т. 6. – №. ...apart that the cross-sections do not cross the same links (or segments) of the network more than once.<ref name=":0">Egozi R., Ashmore P. Defining and mea

...olyarova N.A. Elsevier’s dictionary of glaciology // Elsevier’s dictionary of glaciology. – 1990. – Elsevier’s Dict. Glaciol. <nowiki>https://doi.o ...dplain hydrodynamic modelling of the Lower Volta River in Ghana // Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies. – 2017. – Т. 14. https://doi.org/10.1016/

...h wetter west coast and the drier east<ref name=":0">Davie T. Fundamentals of Hydrology, Second Edition. Vol. 298. – Oxon: Routledge, 2008. – 200 p.< ...the downwind side of the mountain range there is often less rainfall (i.e. the mountain casts a rain shadow)<ref name=":0" />.

...ng over or under the surface towards the oceans.<ref>Davie T. Fundamentals of Hydrology, Second Edition. Vol. 298. – Oxon: Routledge, 2008. – 200 p.< ...ing areas with goaf: Establishment of a runoff prediction model // Journal of Hydrology. – 2021. – Vol. 603. – P. 127023.</ref>

...int from two fixed perpendicular oriented lines, measured in the same unit of length.<ref><nowiki>https://www.britannica.com/science/analytic-geometry</n ...onsolidation analysis of transversely isotropic layered saturated soils in the Cartesian coordinate system by extended precise integration method // Appli

...ion of hydroxide, bicarbonate or carbonate ions.<ref>Davie T. Fundamentals of hydrology (2nd edition). London: Routledge, 2008, 221 p.</ref> ...anuele Magi & Giorgio Budillon. Distribution of total alkalinity and pH in the Ross Sea (Antarctica) waters during austral summer 2008//Polar Research, 33

...ом потоке.<ref>Scott W.D., Hopwood J.M., Summers K.J. A mathematical model of suspension with saltation // Acta Mechanica. – 1995. – Т. 108. – № ...on of an open channel flow: Implications for sediment transport // Journal of Fluid Mechanics. – 1996. – Т. 326. – P. 285-319. <nowiki>https://doi

...016) Run-Off Formation. In: Mauser W., Prasch M. (eds) Regional Assessment of Global Change Impacts. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16 The spatial processes that lead to water entering the channel network.<ref name=":0" />

...ованиям стандартов для питьевой воды.<ref name=":0">International glossary of hydrology. UNESCO/WMO International Hydrological Programme, 2012.</ref> Natural or treated water which is of acceptable quality to satisfy the standards required for drinking water.<ref name=":0" />

[[Файл:71923971-ice-drift-on-the-amur-river-khabarovsk-far-east-russia.webp|альт=|мини|300x300пкс ...f>Hakkinen S., Proshutinsky A., Ashik I. Sea ice drift in the Arctic since the 1950s //Geophysical Research Letters. – 2008. – Т. 35. – №. 19.</r

...cture within the floodplain <ref>Mykhnovych A. V. Riverbed deformations in the upper Dnister catchment under gravel-pits exploitation / A. V. Mykhnovych, ...Natural and River Engineering Effects on a Large Alluvial River / Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface 123(5), 2018 DOI:10.1029/2017JF004542</

...movement<ref>Bullock P. CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS // Encyclopedia of Soils in the Environment. : Elsevier, 2005. С. 254–262.</ref> ...the Upstream Area of Bo River Watershed // Redefining Diversity & Dynamics of Natural Resources Management in Asia, Volume 3. : Elsevier, 2017. С. 87–

...ning the Onset of Baseflow Recession on Storm Hydrographs. // Open Journal of Modern Hydrology, Vol.3(4), 2013, 269-277 p. DOI:10.4236/ojmh.2013.34030</r ...infall). Sometimes also referred to as slowflow.<ref>Davie T. Fundamentals of hydrology (2nd edition). London: Routledge, 2008, 221 p.</ref>

...nthropogenic factors, and expressed in changes in the shape and parameters of riverbeds. ...shing, transfer and demolition of material from slopes under the influence of gravity and slope forces.

...cut through the neck, leaving an abandoned meander loop on the floodplain. The bends have an arcuate or sinuous planform (generally one meander loop) <ref ...tionary characteristics of meander cut-off— A hydro-morphological study of the Jalangi River, West Bengal, India. ''Arab J Geosci'' 12, 667 (2019). <nowik

...ng front where water freezes to form segregated ice. Water moves upward to the frozen fringe within which hydraulic conductivity drops drastically as temp The leading edge of an advancing frozen zone. <ref name=":0" />

...e F.J. (eds) Encyclopedia of Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks. Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series. Springer, Dordrecht. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1007 ...effect on floodplain and delta-plain functions and sediment dispersal into the coastal ocean <ref name=":0" />

...atural levees and the edge of the floodplain <ref>''McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific & Technical Terms, 6E''. (2003). Retrieved May 13 2021</ref> ...from the higher and drier levee and higher elevation toeslopes adjacent to the uplands <ref name=":0" />

...tion of the flow structure, or distribution of one fluid phase relative to the other.</big></sup> <ref>Bahadori A. Natural Gas Processing: Technology and ...draulic gradient and the infiltration capacity. <ref>Davie T. Fundamentals of Hydrology, Second Edition. – Oxon: Routledge, 2002.</ref>

...е.<ref name=":0">WMO W.M.O., UNESCO U.N.E. and S.O. International Glossary of Hydrology. – 1998. – 461 pp.</ref> ...e and which is taken into account when computing the resistance to flow in the channel or pipe.<ref name=":0" />

The susceptibility of the ground surface to erosion <ref>Thomas D.S.G. Aeolian Geomorphology // Treat ...m <ref name=":0">Winterwerp J. C., Kranenburg C. Fine Sediment Dynamics in the Marine Environment, Volume 5. 1st Edition. 2002. 730 p. </ref>

...ct parts, the rising limb (water rise phase), the peak flow (the peak) and the falling limb (recession phase).<ref>[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ .../cafedra/gydro/biblioteka/Fundamentals_Hydrology.pdf Davie T. Fundamentals of Hydrology, Second Edition. – Oxon: Routledge, - 2002. - №2. - pp. 200.]

...et.al. The Effect of Human Impact on the Water Quality and Biocoenoses of the Soft Water Lake with Isoetids: Lake Jeleń, NW Poland // Water. - 2020. - V ...be limited by the availability of nutrients.<ref>Steele J. H. Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences, UK: Academic Press, 2008, 3900 p.</ref>

...Reservoir Sedimentatoin.png|альт=|мини|300x300пкс|<br />Sediment supply to the reservoir<br />]] ...warakish G. S. Different approach for using trap efficiency for estimation of reservoir sedimentation. An overview //Aquatic Procedia. – 2015. – Т.

...est layer in a thermally stratified lake or reservoir. This layer consists of colder, denser water, has a constant temperature, and no mixing occurs<ref> ...O), United Nations Educational S. and C.O. (UNESCO) International Glossary of Hydrology. Vol. 471 p. – 3rd ed. – Geneva: WMO; UNESCO, 2012</ref>.

...odel for water resources management in data-scarce basins: a case study of the Fragata River basin, southern Brazil // Hydrological Sciences Journal. – ...arison of downscaling, interpolation and merging schemes // Proceedings of the 1st IAHR Young Professionals Congress. – 2020.</ref>

[[Файл:Slide 10.jpg|мини|Climate and the wider Earth system Lecture given by Kevin Oliver <ref>https://slideplayer.c Advection refers to horizontal transport by flows that move patches of material around, but do not significantly distort or dilute them. <ref>Ji Z

Flooding is a temporary overflow of water onto land that is normally dry. Floods can happen during heavy rains, ...ally dry, mostly by the river flow. The word can be used as an event or as the overflowing water body itself.

...erpendicular to the direction of flow.<ref>Jacsó P. McGraw Hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms // Online (Wilton, Connecticut). 2002. Vol. ...sonc U. An experimental device for measuring radial flow velocity profiles of yield stress fluids. // Open Journal "Flow Measurement and Instrumentation"

...ad approach to determining pollution-induced degradation // The Science of the Total Environment. 97/98. 1990. P. 815–825.</ref>. ...ant sources<ref>Apitz S. E. Integrated Risk Assessments for the Management of Contaminated Sediments in Estuaries and Coastal Systems // Reference Module

...ow"). Hence, the vadose zone extends from the top of the ground surface to the water table. <ref>Freeze, R.A. and Cherry, J.A., 1979. Groundwater. Englewo ...tly three-dimensional. <ref>Walvoord M.A., Kurylyk B.L. Hydrologic impacts of thawing permafrost - A review // Vadose Zone Journal. – 2016. – Vol 15.

The unsaturated zone is the portion of the subsurface above the groundwater table. <ref>https://water.usgs.gov/ogw/unsaturated.html</ref> ...soil may be partly filled with air and partly with water is referred to as the ''unsaturated zone'' or ''vadose zone'' and water in this zone is referred

...rice J. C. Index for description of channel braiding // Geological Society of America Bulletin. – 1960. – Т. 71. – С. 1833.</ref>]] ...which can be measured within a single branch or along a section of a river of a given length.

...stations with continuous streamflow data.png|альт=|мини|300x300пкс|USA map of stations with continuous streamflow data.<ref>https://waterdata.usgs.gov/nw ...a measuring device commonly called a stream gage.<ref>The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Chapter 5 Streamflow Data // National Engineering Handbo

...f soil particles and water molecules. <ref name=":1">Davie T. Fundamentals of hydrology (2nd edition). London: Routledge, 2008, 221 pp.</ref> Essentially, through adsorption, the water is able to stick to the surface of soil particles and not be drained away through gravity. <ref name=":1" />

...of a river divided by the cross-sectional area.<ref>Davie T. Fundamentals of hydrology (2nd edition). London: Routledge, 2008, 221 p</ref> ...ahdavi Mazdeh, A., 2015. New and improved hydraulic radius for channels of the second kind. Ain Shams Engineering Journal 6, 767–773. DOI: 10.1016/j.ase

...erm progradation refers to '''the growth of a river delta farther out into the sea over time''' <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progradation (дата ...consequences for timing of deposition in deep-marine systems // Journal of the Geological Society. - 1998. - Vol. 155. - № 2. - P. 217-222. http://dx.do

...ff as a morphological response to stream reconstruction: The possible role of backwater. Water Resources Research, 51(5), 3339–3352.'' doi:10.1002/2014 ...ocation of bends where chute cutoff events have occurred may be related to the backwater lengths associated with a river‐connected lake <ref name=":0" /

...:Image-111-454x600.png|альт=|мини|396x396пкс|Biotic and Abiotic Factors of the Pond Ecosystem <ref>Pond Ecosystem – Definition, Types, Characteristics & ...1999) Lentic and lotic ecosystems. In: Environmental Geology. Encyclopedia of Earth Science. Springer, Dordrecht. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-

...ical Features of River Mouths of Different Types (the Columbia Estuary and the Fraser Delta as Examples) //Environmental Research, Engineering & Managemen ...d delta in a semi-enclosed bay, and the formation of a protruding delta in the near-shore zone.<ref name=":1" />

...de and occurrence probability of soil loss: A risk analytical approach for the plot scale for two sites in Lower Austria. ''Land Degradation & Development ...uracy of manual runoff and sediment sampling from erosion plots. ''Journal of Soil and Water Conservation'', 51(3), 231−233.</ref>

...atvian ''Virsaitis'', which was shipwrecked on 3 December 1941 in the Gulf of Finland.<ref>Jürgen Rohwer; Mikhail Monakov; Mikhail S. Monakov (2001). '' ...s (ranging), communicate with or detect objects on or under the surface of the water, such as other vessels.<ref>"Sonar". ''Encyclopaedia Britannica''. Re

...Geological Society Special Publication (pp. 1-10). The Geological Society of London [10.1144/SP351.1].</ref>]] ...banks or where the flow of a river is checked <ref>Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "alluvial deposit". ''Encyclopedia Britannica'', 27 Jan. 202

...el within grid-cell scale. .png|альт=|мини|300x300пкс|Schematic diagram of the physically-based distributed sediment runoff model within grid-cell scale.< ...cal problem. These models are based on our understanding of the physics of the hydrological processes which conrol catchment response and use physically b

[[Файл:Pore ice.png|альт=|мини|300x300пкс|Pore ice - one type of ground ice. <ref name=":0">Woo M.K. Permafrost Hydrology. – Springer. – ...кровли многолетней мерзлоты и в оттаивающем выше грунте. <ref>French H. M. The periglacial environment. – John Wiley & Sons, 2017.</ref>

...s of flood waters. <ref>FAG A. Flood Control And Its Management // Journal of Atmospheric & Earth Science. – 2018. – Т. 2. – № 1. – С. 1-13. ...e tenth dragon: controlled seasonal flooding in long-term policy plans for the Vietnamese Mekong delta. – 2017. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1080/1523908X

...ibution of heavy particles in homogeneous isotropic turbulence." ''Journal of fluid mechanics'' 256, 1993: 27-68 р.</ref><br /><br />]] ...s mouth, which obstructs flow or navigation.<ref>Finlay W.H. The Mechanics of Sediment Flow. San Diego: A Harcourt Science aml Technology Company, 2001.

...geomorphic units present in a river section are integral to interpretation of river character and behaviour <ref>River Character. (n.d.). Geomorphology a ...Conference: I.S. Rivers - Integrative sciences and sustainable development of rivers, 2015</ref>

• The flow value that is exceeded 95 per cent of the time (Q95) - расходы 95% обеспеченности • The flow value that is exceeded 50 per cent of the time (Q50) - расходы 50% обеспеченности

...g-Nghia Le. Anabranch network for camouflaged object segmentation. Journal of Computer Vision and Image Understanding. Volume 184, July 2019, Pages 45-56 ...nes in an agricultural influenced multi-branch river network // Science of The Total Environment // Volume 830, 2021</ref>

# Is a sheet-like mass of layered ice that forms from successive flows of ground water during freezing temperatures.<ref>Ashton G. D. River and lake ...owing natural, agriculture or industrial water <ref>International glossary of hydrology. UNESCO/WMO International Hydrological Programme, 2012.</ref>.

...afael.png|мини|361x361пкс|Cascading Density Currents from the Petit Lac to the Grand Lac]] .... Reservoir sedimentation. I: Delta and density current deposits //Journal of Hydraulic Engineering. – 1992. – Т. 118. – №. 3. – С. 354-369.<

..., Khristoforov A. V. Analysis of many-year variations in river runoff into the Arctic Ocean // Water Resources. – 2005. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11268-0

...hear Stress Distribution and Velocity Field in a Confluence // Proceedings of Hydraulic Engineering. – 1990. – Т. 34. – № October 2017. – С. ...which river crosses. <ref>Kumar V. Bed (Bottom) Topography // Encyclopedia of Snow, Ice and Glaciers / ред. Singh V.P., Singh P., Haritashya U.K. –

...the system almost entirely without deposition.<ref>International Glossary of Hydrology, World Meteorological Organization, 2012, 471 p.</ref> ...rial load rating curves for the calculation of total load: An example from the Burdekin River, Australia // Catena, Vol.6(3-4), 1979, 317-329p. DOI: 10.10

...ней мерзлоты <ref name=":0">Walvoord M.A., Kurylyk B.L. Hydrologic impacts of thawing permafrost - A review // Vadose Zone Journal. – 2016. – Vol 15. ...C are called the cryopeg (base of permafrost) and the transition zone (top of permafrost). <ref name=":0" />

The lowest level of water in a body of water, such as a river, lake, or reservoir.<ref>Collins English Dictionary ...microsomes from muscle as a model membrane.<ref>Crowe L. M. et al. Effects of carbohydrates on membrane stability at low water activities //Biochimica et

...by one island number of channel links equals 3 including two segments and the parent channel <ref>Chalov, S., Alexeevsky N.I. 2015. Braided rivers: struc ...cond index is the total number of '''''channel links (or segments)''''' in the measured reach.

...rucial role in the distribution of oxygen, nutrients, and organisms within the lake ecosystem.<ref>"Lake Stratification" // Encyclopedia Britannica. [Onli ...me periods. <ref>Boehrer B., Schultze M. Stratification of lakes //Reviews of Geophysics. – 2008. – vol. 46. – №. 2.</ref>

...ерзлого грунта <ref>Lewkowicz A. G., Harris C. Morphology and geotechnique of active-layer detachment failures in discontinuous and continuous permafrost The top of the permafrost, normally being the maximum depth of the seasonal frost table. <ref>Woo M.K. Permafrost Hydrology. – Springer. –

...uncertainty into regional and global scale flood inundation models.Journal of Hydrology. Vol. 529, October 2015,169–183pp. ISSN 0022- 1694</ref><br />< ...total perimeter of a cross section in a river. <ref>Davie T. Fundamentals of hydrology (2nd edition). London: Routledge, 2008, 221 pp</ref>

...r an annual cycle<ref>Boehrer Bertram; von Rohden C.S.M. Physical Features of Meromictic Lakes: Stratification and Circulation // Springer. – 2017. – ...W.M. A Revised Classification of Lakes Based on Mixing // Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. – 1983. – Vol. 40. – № 10. <nowiki>

...y gravity or by pumping. <ref>Hydrological Terminology, National Institute of Hydrology // URL: https://nihroorkee.gov.in/page/hydrological-terminology<n ...Drainage basins of the Mississippi River has shown that the water entering the river has various sources, including rainfall, snow, and groundwater<ref>Br

...biogeochemical response of a Mediterranean temporary river basin//Journal of Hydrology. - 2007 - P. - 112-121.</ref> ...odic rivers.<ref>Rutkowska A., Kohnová S., Banasik B. Flow characteristics of intermittent rivers in Slovakia, 2018</ref>

...isei backscatter.png|альт=|мини|300x300пкс|Acoustic backscatter profile of the Yenisei river (around Igarka) based on TRDI RioGrande [[ADCP]]]] In physics, backscatter is the reflection of waves back to the transducer.

...imental study of sand deposition from sediment laden water jets // Journal of Hydraulic Research. – 2006. – Vol. 44. – № 4. – P. 560-566. <nowi

...accumulation of silt (fine particles of sand, mud, and other materials) in the reservoir [2]. Siltation reduces the benefits from dams constructed with a huge amount of money by any nation [2].

...that normally retains water and allows no outflow to other external bodies of water, such as rivers or oceans ...4. Hydrology and Water Resources Contents. 4.3.7. Lakes. [Watson, R.T. and the Core Writing Team (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Ki

...sample water. Expressed as a density or population of organisms per 100 mL of sample water. <ref>https://www.owp.csus.edu/glossary/mpn.php</ref> The most probable number (MPN) is a statistical method, it is often used in est

The flood resulting from an ice-dam burst.<ref>Davie T. Fundamentals of Hydrology, Second Edition. – 2008.</ref> ...'' from subglacial lakes may transport on the order of 10⁷ tons of sediment per event.<ref>Björnsson H. Subglacial lakes and jökulhlaups in

...s Educational and Scientific Organization (UNESCO). International Glossary of Hydrology // IHP/OHP-Berichte. 1998. № 385. 461 p.</ref> ...er-related activities.<ref>Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Glossary of Water Terms, 2016</ref>

...charge of steams in the Yampa River basin, Colorado and Wyoming // Journal of Hydrology. Vol. 46. P. 311-330, 1980.</ref> The effective discharge can be a good estimator for bankfull discharge.<ref>Tho

...Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner Stream Capacity and Competence, World of Earth Science. Vol. 2. ''Gale Cengage'', 2003</ref>]] Stream capacity is a measure of the total sediment (material other than water) a stream can carry <ref name=":0

...chaeffer, K., K. McGourty, and N. Cosentino-Manning (eds.) 2007. Report on the subtidal habitats and associated biological taxa in San Francisco Bay. NOAA ...d as locations where a shellfish species occupies more than 50% of an area of more than a few square meters.<ref name=":0" />

...s, storm surges, tides, and currents interact with different components of the coastal environment.<ref>Paul, B. K., & Rashid, H. (2017). Salinity Intrusi

...n caused by a river or stream that is far from its base level<ref>Lague D. The stream power river incision model: evidence, theory and beyond // Earth Sur ...water 2. As the river cuts deeper into its bed, the water table drops, and the surrounding vegetation changes from wetlands and meadows to dry shrublands<

A hydrometric network is composed of a group of different stations which are designed and operated explicitly to do monitor ...all, etc <ref>American Meteorological Society, 2020: Climatology. Glossary of Meteorology, <nowiki>http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/climatology</nowiki><

...остью, чтобы избежать разбрызгивания. <ref name=":0">Davie T. Fundamentals of hydrology (2nd edition). London: Routledge, 2008, 221 p</ref><br /><br />]] ...inuous rainfall measurement can be provided by special rain gauges such as the tipping-bucket gauge.<ref name=":0" />

..., divided by its area, in a specified time.<ref>WMO International Glossary of Hydrology. — 2012. — 82 p.</ref> ...g terrain and its role on runoff generation and slope stability // Journal of Hydrology. – 2018. – Vol. 561. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.0

...tormwater Runoff.jpg|альт=|мини|300x300пкс|Storm runoff<ref name=":0">Sity of Willmar [Электронный ресурс]. Режим доступа: h ...ts, rooftops and other paved surfaces that do not allow water to soak into the ground.

...t al. Selective effects of small barriers on river‐resident fish //Journal of Applied Ecology. – 2021. – Т. 58. – №. 7. – С. 1487-1498.</ref> Resident fish means a fish species that completes all stages of its life cycle within freshwater and frequently within a local area. <ref><

...ly saturated and partially saturated soil/rock. <ref>Davie T. Fundamentals of hydrology (2nd edition). London: Routledge, 2008, 221 pp.</ref> ...ence water table depth and fluctuations in ombrotrophic peatlands? Journal of Hydrology. Vol. 4, July 2019, Article 100032, DOI:10.1016/j.hydroa.2019.100

...l along a mountain river modified by gravel extraction and channelization, the Czarny Dunajec, Polish Carpathians, 2015, Geomorphology 231, 353-366 https: ...Bed materials may be found in deposits or bars above the wetted perimeter of water bodies <ref>WAC 220-660-030</ref>

Sewage is a portion of [[wastewater]] (also known as municipal wastewater, see more in discussion) ...topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/sewage</nowiki> - Encyclopedia of Analytical Science (Second Edition), 2005</ref>.

...mate Projections: Applying the STRIVIng Toolbox. ''Spatiotemporal Analysis of Extreme Hydrological Events'', 59–76. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1016/B97

...extreme learning machine based on particle swarm optimization." ''Journal of hydrology'' 576, 2019, 229-238 pp.</ref> The planning of reservoir operation presents decision makers with a trade‐off between com

'''Abrasion''' is a process of erosion that occurs when material being transported wears away at a surface ...ocess of wearing down by friction, or the resulting effects, with movement of debris, whether it be in a stream, sea, ice or wind.<ref>ВМО, Между

...ean dynamics, the upward motion of sub-surface water toward the surface of the ocean<ref>NOAA’s National weather Service - Glossary (https://forecast.we Upward movement of cool and nutrient-rich sub-surface waters towards the surface <ref>European Environment Agency Glossary (<nowiki>https://www.eea.

...ает действие нитрифицирующих бактерий.<ref name=":0">Davie T. Fundamentals of hydrology (2nd edition). London: Routledge, 2008, 221 p.</ref>]] ...eak down organic matter in a water sample. A strong indicator of the level of organic pollution in a river.<ref name=":0" />

...die A. Alphabetical Glossary of Geomorphology // International Association of Geomorphologists. – 2014. – № July. – p. 84.</ref> ...f the channel thalweg to the length of the stream valley, measured between the same points.<ref name=":0" />

...a time distribution of surface runoff.<ref name=":0">Davie T. Fundamentals of Hydrology, Second Edition. – Oxon: Routledge, - 2002. - №2. - pp. 200.< The application of unit hydrograph in estimating design flood is of great importance in dam construction. <ref>Ashmore P., Parker G. Confluence

...mped models such as the Stanford watershed model, the Sacramento model and the HBV model.<ref>Ehret U. et al. Advancing catchment hydrology to deal with p

...s: bar dimensions and frequency, the number of channels in the network and the total channel length in a given river length and uses to divide braided cha ...reliability and sampling requirements needed to establish the precision of the measurements.<ref name=":0" />

...ter Resilience (AIDR) 2017, Handbook 7 Managing the Floodplain: A Guide to Best Practice in Flood Risk Management in Australia, Melbourne</ref> ...d livelihoods, and the public resources needed to plan for, and deal with, the health impacts <ref>Few, R. (Ed.). (2006). Flood Hazards and Health: Respon

...of sluggishly moving or standing water.<ref>Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat. – United Nation ...ef name=":0">Mitsch W.J., Gosselink J.G. The value of wetlands: importance of scale and landscape setting // Ecological Economics. – 2000. – Vol. 35.

...inal velocity of a particle in still fluid. <ref>Finlay W.H. The Mechanics of Inhaled Pharmaceutical Aerosols. San Diego: A Harcourt Science aml Technolo ...ibution of heavy particles in homogeneous isotropic turbulence." ''Journal of fluid mechanics'' 256, 1993: 27-68 р.</ref>

...g konvektion nord-atlantik e en.jpg|мини|Great ocean current and procceses of convection <ref>Emanuel K. A. et al. Atmospheric convection. – Oxford Uni ...ultiphase fluid flow that occurs spontaneously due to the combined effects of material property heterogeneity and body forces on a fluid, most commonly d

...r-woven branches separated by ephemeral braid bars.<br /><ref>Bridge J. S. The interaction between channel geometry, water flow, sediment transport and de ...o knows as braiding index) is defined as the average crosssectional number of active braids<ref>Egozi, R. and Ashmore, P. (2008), Defining and measuring

...ream bed during years of normal rainfall.<ref>Meinzer, O.E., 1923, Outline of Ground-Water Hydrology with Definitions: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Suppl The methodology for identification of intermittent and perennial streams were developed beginning in 1999.<ref>Do

...ction of a general-purpose lexical ontology based on wiktionary // Journal of Computer and Systems Sciences International. – 2013. – Т. 52. – № ...ction of river flow with its withdrawal to another drainage basin by means of hydraulic structures.<ref name=":0" />

...nting // Agriculture and natural resources. UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, FOOD AND ENVIRONMENT. AEN -128. Issue 2.  2016. P. 4.</ref>. By linking sources and sediment transport, fingerprinting procedures avoid the need to complement in situ erosion estimates with information on sediment r

Frazil ice is a collection of loose, randomly oriented, plate or discoid ice crystals formed in supercool

...river near Kolpashevo.png|альт=|мини|300x300пкс|Confluence of two branches of Ob river near Kolpashevo. WorldView satellite image.<br /><br />]] '''Сonfluence''' (also: ''conflux'') occurs where two or more flowing bodies of water join together to form a single channel.<ref>https://www.merriam-webst

...anchored) on the bed, forming anchor ice.<ref>Hicks F. The wonderful world of river ice. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. 2013.</ref> ...any aspects of ice accumulation in water intakes, as well as the formation of frazil and anchor ice in general, have been still unclear.<ref>Makkonen L.,

...ical Features of River Mouths of Different Types (the Columbia Estuary and the Fraser Delta as Examples) //Environmental Research, Engineering & Managemen ...d delta in a semi-enclosed bay, and the formation of a protruding delta in the near-shore zone.<ref name=":0" />

...<ref>Marcato G. et al. Debris flood hazard documentation and mitigation on the Tilcara alluvial fan (Quebrada de Humahuaca, Jujuy province, North-West Arg ...w material and is deposited where the stream changes gradient as it enters the larger valley <ref>https://coloradogeologicalsurvey.org/hazards/debris-flow

...Arctic sea ice with a snow cover.<ref>Weeks W.F. On Sea Ice // University of Alaska Press. 2010. Vol.2.</ref><br /><br />]] Ice thickness, its spatial extent, and the fraction of open water within the ice pack can vary rapidly and profoundly in response to weather and climate

...s are used to measure instant flow rate and the total volume over a period of time<ref>Irrigation Flow Measurement. (n.d.). ''LSU AgCenter Research & Ext ...dy of Fluid Flow in Propeller-type Current-meters // International Journal of Fluid Machinery and Systems. – 2020. – v. 13. – № 2. – p. 437-454

...ан дно.jpg|альт=|мини|300x300пкс|Contaminants on the Daldykan ruver bed in the Norilsk region.]] Research, that seeks to understand the role of soil properties and hydrologic processes on ground and surface water pollut

...llution disturbs the visual areas of people by creating harmful changes in the natural environment.<ref>Hayk S. Arakelyan. Visual pollution // Visual poll ...re boats, fishermen, etc.<ref name=":0">Schwartz Maurice, ed. Encyclopedia of Coastal Science // Springer Science & Business Media. – 2006. - P. 1213</

...die A. Alphabetical Glossary of Geomorphology. – International Association of Geomorphologists, 2014.</ref> Roughness coefficient is numerical measure of the frictional resistance to flow in a river channel.<ref name=":0" />

Dispersion is the horizontal spreading and mixing of water mass caused by turbulent mixing and molecular diffusion. <ref>Ji Z. G .... <ref>Whitham, G. (1967). Non-linear dispersion of water waves. ''Journal of Fluid Mechanics,'' ''27''(2), 399-412.</ref>

...tream and using any available dissolved oxygen. <ref>Davie T. Fundamentals of hydrology (2nd edition). London: Routledge, 2008, 221 p</ref>. ...ed into several zones delineated by the dissolved oxygen concentration and the presence ofspecific biological communities ^[4].

...мещающих воду грунтов) <ref>https://freezedryunit.com/the-flexible-process/the-process/</ref>]] The largest volume is occupied by interstitial water, which fills the space between sediment particles<ref>Zhen-Gang J. Hydrodynamics and water q

...e of entrainment and bulking on debris flow runout modeling: examples from the Swiss Alps //Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences. – 2015. – Т. 1

...ерхности земли в виде слабого раствора кислоты.<ref>International Glossary of Hydrology, World Meteorological Organization, 2012, 471 p.</ref> ...an enhanced acidity from industrial emissions).<ref>Davie T. Fundamentals of hydrology (2nd edition). London: Routledge, 2008, 221 p.</ref>

...the flow change with respect to time.<ref>Jacsó P. McGraw Hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms // Online (Wilton, Connecticut). 2002. Vol. The travel distance of sediment particles was longer under unsteady flow than that under steady fl

...epared for thematic review IV.5: operation, monitoring and decommissioning of dams. Cape Town: World Commission on Dams.</ref> ...entation is a fluvial process resulting from intercepting the natural flow of a river by constructing a dam or other wall structures.<ref>Charles J. Voro

...er, tank, reservoir, or stream.<ref>Anon. American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition [Electronic resource] // Houghton Mifflin H ...measurement of rivers, lakes and sea level.<ref>Ian Strangeways. Measuring the Natural Environment // Cambridge University Press. - 2003.- 2nd Edition. -

...s.<ref>Knighton, A.D. and Nanson, G.C. 1993. Anastomosis and the continuum of channel pattern. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 18: 613-625. https: ...characterized by low gradients, low stream power and stable banks composed of cohesive sediment.<ref>Nanson, G.C., Knighton, A.D. 1996. Anabranching rive

...O), United Nations Educational S. and C.O. (UNESCO) International Glossary of Hydrology. Vol. 471 p. – 3rd ed. – Geneva: WMO; UNESCO, 2012</ref> ...nciples of mass and energy continuity. <ref>Davie, T. (2019). Fundamentals of Hydrology (3rd ed.). Routledge</ref>

...nije 8974398724723.jpg|альт=|мини|300x300пкс|Inundation of a village after the catastrophic flood<ref><nowiki>https://geoenergetics.ru/2019/09/11/gidroene Going under the surface of water, caused by any kind of natural or anthropogenic events including catastrophic as tsunami, floods o

...|Движение связных и несвязных грунтов в потоке <ref>Polier F. The Modeling of cohesive sediment transport, 2016</ref><br /><br />]] Cohesive sediment is predominantly a mixture of silts and clays, the latter has a median particle size d50<4μm (microns) (1mm=1000μm) <ref>Gar

...ks in the Catalina Mountains near Tucson, Arizona, releasing large amounts of particulates and other air pollutants. (Photo courtesy J.F. Artiola.).<ref> ...<nowiki>https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/pollutant</nowiki> (date of the application: 26.04.2024).</ref>

...r content when plants start to die back (wilt). <ref>Davie T. Fundamentals of hydrology (2nd edition). London: Routledge, 2008, 221 p</ref> ...er S. O., & Patel R. M. Evaluation of pedotransfer functions in predicting the soil water contents at field capacity and wilting point// Agricultural Wate

River restoration is the process of managing rivers to reinstate natural processes to restore biodiversity, pro ...minent areas of applied water-resources science.<ref>Davie T. Fundamentals of hydrology (2nd edition). London: Routledge, 2008, 221 p.</ref>

...олучены другими методами (перевод с <ref name=":0">Bárdossy A. Calibration of hydrological model parameters for ungauged catchments // Hydrology and Eart ...catchments, the parameters of rainfall-runoff models cannot be obtained by the calibration on runoff data and hence need to be obtained by other methods.<

...f>Xu C.-Y., Xiong L., Singh V.P. Black-Box Hydrological Models // Handbook of Hydrometeorological Ensemble Forecasting. – Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2 ...f>Xu C.-Y., Xiong L., Singh V.P. Black-Box Hydrological Models // Handbook of Hydrometeorological Ensemble Forecasting. – Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2

1. The main channel processes or fluvial processes are erosion, transportation and ...1. Thornes J.B. Channel Processes, Evolution, and History // Geomorphology of Desert Environments. – Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. – p. 288-

...>Chave R. A. J. et al. Real-time measurements of ice draft and velocity in the St. Lawrence River //Oceans' 04</ref> ...K. D. Review of prediction methods for breakup ice jams //Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering. – 2003. – Т. 30. – №. 1. – С. 89-100.</ref>

...<ref>Preece E. P. [et al.] A review of the biological and chemical effects of hypolimnetic oxygenation // Lake and Reservoir Management. 2019. № 3 (35) The absence of dissolved oxygen in a body of water<ref>“Anoxia.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, <n

...пкс|Плес и перекат<ref>Geomorphology and River Management: Applications of the River Styles Framework by Gary J.Brierley and Kirstie A.Fryirs, Blackwell P ...channels<ref name=":0">Geomorphology and River Management: Applications of the River Styles Framework by Gary J.Brierley and Kirstie A.Fryirs, Blackwell P

...olid particles during their sedimentation. <ref>WMO International Glossary of Hydrology // IHP/OHP-Berichte. – 2012. – № 12. – P. 461.</ref> ...">Fugate D.C., Friedrichs C.T. Determining concentration and fall velocity of estuarine particle populations using adv, obs and lisst // Continental Shel

...rd streamflow uniquely describes the discharge in a surface stream course. The term "streamflow" is more general than runoff, as streamflow may be applied ...low''' information and the final reliability of the information depends on the initial field measurements<ref>Herschy, R.W., & Herschy, R.W. (1995). Strea

Unmanned aircraft system (UAS) means an unmanned aircraft and the equipment to control it remotely.<ref>''UAS Rules and Guidance - USA | SKYb ...ighing as much as 32,250 pounds at takeoff and capable of traveling around the world while staying aloft for multiple days (RQ-4 Global Hawk).

...д действием текучих вод <ref>Jijo Sudarshan Erosion and Deposition: Action of Running Water and Groundwater, 2019</ref><br />]] Impact of flow on erosion processes and the transportation of its own eroded materials and those brought into it by rain

...of the departure of the mean temperature for a day from a given reference of O°C (32°F) temperature <ref name=":0">Bethan Davies Degree day models: Mo 2: is the amount of melt that occurs per positive degree day <ref>Glossary of Permafrost and Related Ground-Ice Terms. - 2005. - р. 159</ref>.

...sampling the soil layer by layer.<ref>Hillel D. SOIL FORMATION // Soil in the Environment. – 2008. – P. 15-26.</ref> ...g to biased conclusions.<ref>Gladish D.W., He D., Wang E. Pattern analysis of Australia soil profiles for plant available water capacity // Geoderma. –

Seaward flow during a tidal phase of lowering water level.<ref><nowiki>https://www.britannica.com/science/ebb-ti ...) jellyfish in Roscoe Bay is similar during flood and ebb tides // Journal of Sea Research. – 2010. – Vol. 64. – № 3. – P. 422-425.</ref>

...water or liquid; putting something or make something go under the surface of water or liquid.<ref>https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/ ...ks A. Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Rice Production and Productivity // The Future Rice Strategy for India. – 2017. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1016/B

...cts of Climate Change and Hydrological Hazards on Monsoon Crop Patterns in the Lesser Himalaya: A Watershed Based Study // Int. J. Disaster Risk Sci. – Probability of damage that is caused by dangerous hydrological phenomena.

...e moderate; or when the freeze-up stage is high and spring runoff is high, the breakup flood risk will be high <ref>Zhao L. River ice breakup forecasting ...e Spring Breakup Flood in the Lena River Delta with TerraSAR-X Imagery and the TanDEM-X DEM. – 2019</ref>.

...ater management facilities will soon be established in the governorates of the Red Sea and Assiut in Egypt.<ref>https://www.afrik21.africa/en/egypt-severa ...nd any sewer inflow or sewer infiltration.<ref>Tilley E. et al. Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies // Development. 2008. P.180.</ref>

...and and rock. It is stored in and moves slowly through geologic formations of soil, sand and rocks called aquifers]] Groundwater is water that has infiltrated the ground to fill the spaces between sediments and cracks in rock. Groundwater is fed by precipit

...nd shell fragments and mineral grains that result from the natural erosion of terrestrial materials <ref>Zhen-Gang J. Hydrodynamics and water quality: mo ...oratory: A One-Year Study at Lough Hyne Marine Reserve, Ireland // Journal of Marine Biology. – 2012. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/518635</nowi

...ion. <ref>Mishra A. K., Singh V. P. A review of drought concepts //Journal of hydrology. – 2010. – Т. 391. – №. 1-2. – С. 202-216.</ref> ...period of time, such as a season or a year. <ref>Zargar A. et al. A review of drought indices //Environmental Reviews. – 2011. – Т. 19. – №. NA.

...Coarse Gravel and Cobble Transport Using Portable Bedload Traps // Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 130(9), 879–893p., 2004. DOI:10.1061/(asce)0733-94 ...e used to describe these devices, even though they are not installed below the bed surface.<ref name=":0" />

...h and agriculture. <ref>Bricheno L.M., Wolf J., Sun Y. Saline intrusion in the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna megadelta // Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science

...permafrost and with permafrost <ref>Evans S. G., Ge S., Liang S. Analysis of groundwater flow in mountainous, headwater catchments with permafrost //Wat A catchment is defined as the drainage area that contributes water to aparticular point along a chann

...as R., Mello D., Bram D. Mapping of Non-Perennial and Ephemeral Streams in the Santa Ana Region, 2017</ref> ...nafield M., Bourke S., M. Zimmer, Costigan K. An overview of the hydrology of non‐perennial rivers and streams, 2021</ref>

...g|альт=|мини|263x263пкс|Determination of the hydrochemical characteristics of water samples that affect water quality.]] ...J. S. Isaacson,D. N. Johnson,P. Lamb,M. Saul,A. E. Winter-Nelson, Meanings of Environmental Terms // Environmental Issue. - 1997. - Vol. 26. - № 3. - P

...season during which such runoff is produced.<ref>United States Department of Agriculture, Chapter 11 Snowmelt Rain clouds Cloud formation // National En A model such as the SHE uses many of the process estimation techniques described in earlier chapters (e.g. Darcy’s

Hydrological flow partitioning can be defined as the separation of precipitation into different water storage components and resulting fluxes Electrical conductivity (EC)—defined as a measure of the ability of water to transfer an electrical current—has been alternatively used in fl

...Escobar, F. (2010) Specific suspended sediment yields of the Andean rivers of Chile and their relationship to climate, slope and vegetation. Hydrol. Sci. ...e SSY is low, although runoff is high, the mean slope is less than 40% and the vegetation cover is greater than 8%. <ref name=":0" />.

General purpose water sampling of physical (temperature), chemical (dissolved gasses, nutrients, metals) and ...H., Ying G.G., Jones K.C. Evidence and recommendations to support the use of a novel passive water sampler to quantify antibiotics in wastewaters // Env

Channel bed raising as a result of sediment accumulation.<ref>Авторское определение</ref> ...diment Deposition Due to Backwater Effect up-stream a Reservoir // Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Vol.8, 2014, 1185-1193 p. DOI: 10.17265

...is the science of getting ships from place to place especially: the method of determining position, course, and distance traveled<ref>https://www.merriam

...of river mouths: Implications for fluvio‐deltaic morphodynamics //Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface. – 2012. – Т. 117. – №. F1.</r ...ref name=":1">WMO/UNESCO Panel on Terminology 2012. International glossary of hydrology = Glossaire international d’hydrologie = [Mezhdunarodnyi gidrol

...pect to time<ref>WMO W.M.O., UNESCO U.N.E. and S.O. International Glossary of Hydrology. – 1998. – 461 с.</ref> ...>Lee J.H., Kim Y. Study on steady flow approximation in turning simulation of ship in waves // Ocean Engineering. – 2020. – Vol. 195. – P. 106645.<

Trace metals are metallic elements on the periodic table that are found in low concentrations in both aqueous environ ...pollutants and their occurrence in waters and biota indicate the presence of natural or anthropogenic sources [3].

...rogram: Floodplain Management <nowiki>https://ashokanstreams.org/our-areas-of-focus/floodplain-management/</nowiki></ref><br /><br />]] ...[[Flooding|flood]] <ref>U.S. Geological Survey water glossary: Dictionary of Water Terms</ref>

...weight in parts per thousand.<ref>USGS: Water Resources Data - Definitions of Terms https://water.usgs.gov/ADR_Defs_2005.pdf Дата обращения

...e or empty space to be maintained in a reservoir during different times of the year. <ref>Jain, Sharad K., and Roorkee NIH. ''Introduction to reservoir op ...eration curve. In ''Resources, Environment and Engineering: Proceedings of the 2014 Technical Congress on Resources, Environment and Engineering (CREE 201

How deep sunlight penetrates through the water. <ref><nowiki>https://www.rmbel.info/water-transparency/</nowiki> (Д ...tion of a large high altitude tropical lake (Lake Tana, Ethiopia): effects of nutrient availability and water transparency// Aquatic Ecology, 41, 2007, 1

...ffected by gravity erosion: a field study on steep loess slopes // Journal of Soils and Sediments. – 2020. – Vol. 20. – № 3. https://doi.org/10.1 ...mathematical function that defines the relative amount, typically by mass, of particles present according to size <ref>Jillavenkatesa A., Dapkunas S. J.,

...at which they are generated, resulting in impacts that can be distant from the pollution source. <ref>Ji Z. G. Hydrodynamics and water quality: modeling r

...stable environments show a rise of around 200 millimetres (7.9 in) during the 20th century (2 mm/year).<ref>Bruce C. Douglas (1997). "Global Sea Rise: A Is an average level of the surface of one or more of Earth's bodies of water from which heights such as elevation may be measured.<ref>''What is "

...са. <ref>Kennish J (2002). “Environmental Threats and Environmental Future of Estuaries.” ''Environmental Conservation'', vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 78–107. ...%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9/estuary McLusky D (2010). The Need for Definitions in Understanding Estuaries. Estuarine, Coastal and She

...luences on diversification and distribution of aquatic organisms / Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 2006, 151-172, <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.10 ...es fluvial landforms, producing characteristic assemblages of landforms at the reach scale <ref>River Character. (n.d.). Geomorphology and River Managemen

...time required to completely empty the lake water through outflow is called the hydraulic residence time <ref>Ji Z. G. Hydrodynamics and water quality: mod ...residence time are the two key indices representing the physical features of a lake. <ref>Ji Z. G. Hydrodynamics and water quality: modeling rivers, lak

...<ref name=":0">Leys K. Geomorphology and river management: applications of the river styles framework, by Gary J. Brierley and Kirstie A. Fryirs. Blackwel ...ing) with low width : depth ratio. These open channels remain connected to the trunk stream(s).

River's channel and valley at a certain point along the river's course, where sediment transport and water discharge can be measure Measurement of cross sectional area and average velocity, although simple in concept, are

A measure of the rate at which water can pass through a porous medium. <ref>Woo M.K. Permafr ...I. Experimental methods to determine the hydraulic conductivity //E3S Web of conferences. – EDP Sciences, 2019. – Т. 85. – С. 06010.</ref>

...National Institute of Disaster Management, Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt. of India, Do‟s & Don‟ts for Common Disasters.</ref>]] ...ces.<ref>"What is a disaster?". ''www.ifrc.org''. International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. Retrieved 21 June 2017.</ref>

...Data courtesy of Environment Canada. <ref name=":0">Davie T. Fundamentals of Hydrology, Second Edition // Management. 2008. Vol. 298, № 10. P. 200</re ...year recurrence interval, is well established in most people’s perceptions of hydrology, although there are many misunderstandings in interpretation.

...Johnsen S.G., Dalaker H. Capillary forces as a limiting factor for sawing of ultrathin silicon wafers by diamond multi-wire saw // Engineering Science a ...il. Capillary force is product of hight of capillary rise and acceleration of gravity.

...pported by UBC Teaching and Learning Enhancement Fund 2012-2015 Department of Curriculum." <ref>https://slideplayer.com/slide/8335587/ -дата дост ...ю в нее полностью или частично. <ref name=":0">WMO. International Glossary of Hydrology // WMO.Paris, 2012.471 p.</ref>

...ted to an adjacent water body.<ref>Report to Congress: Impacts and Control of CSOs and SSOs (Report). Washington, D.C.: United States Environmental Prote Is a type of gravity sewer with a system of pipes, tunnels, pump stations etc. to transport sewage and urban runoff tog

...stream network. <ref>Wing O. E. J. et al. Estimates of present and future of small brooks // Environ. Res. Lett. 2018. – Vol. 34. – p. 42-52.</ref> ...m order to classify a stream, the sizes range from a first-order stream to the largest<ref>Gurtz J. et al. A comparative study in modelling runoff and its

...tralia.<ref>Tooth S., Nanson G. C. The role of vegetation in the formation of anabranching channels in an ephemeral river, Northern plains, arid central

...O), United Nations Educational S. and C.O. (UNESCO) International Glossary of Hydrology. Т. 471 p. – 3rd ed. – Geneva: WMO; UNESCO, 2012.</ref> ...ef>Bazile, R., Boucher, M.-A., Perreault, L. and Leconte, R.: Verification of ECMWF System 4 for seasonal hydrological forecasting in a northern climate,

...the center of the channel, reflecting the asymmetrical channel geometry at the bend apex. ...bedload by traction processes towards the convex slopes of bends, building the bar laterally.

...is based on the bijection between the set of shuffles in question and that of non-intersecting lattice paths.<ref>Nakano F., Sadahiro T. Determinantal fo

...therefore, divided by these numerous channel bars.<ref>Schumm, S.A. 1977. The fluvial system. Wiley, New York.</ref> ...intense bed load transport.<ref>Ashmore P. Braided channels. Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series. Ontario, Canada. 1978</ref>

...trient is a substance used by an organism to survive, grow, and reproduce. The requirement for dietary nutrient intake applies to animals, plants, fungi, ...Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academies. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 September 2018.</ref>

...al analogues, and computer simulations to characterize the likely behavior of real hydrologic features and systems. [3] ...udied area remains beyond the model's scope. An example of such a model is the Stanford model  or black box model [2].

...on (May and June).<ref>Kumar A., Sain K., Verma A. Hydrological importance of Himalayan glaciers: A perspective from Garhwal Himalaya // Water Scarcity R ...aritashya, U.K. (eds) Encyclopedia of Snow, Ice and Glaciers. Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series. Springer, Dordrecht. – 2011. – P. 953 – 955. <

...struction materials, and for environmental dredging.<ref>Bruun P. Dredging of Coastal Environments. – 2018. – P. 1-11.</ref> ...angladesh to modern-day dredging: Implications for navigability // Journal of Asian Earth Sciences: X. – 2022. – Vol. 7. – P. 100088.</ref>

...и <ref name=":0">WMO W.M.O., UNESCO U.N.E. and S.O. International Glossary of Hydrology. – 1998. – 461 с.</ref>. ...tion in a specified period of time, comprising the sum of the bed load and the suspended load, expressed as weight per unit time <ref name=":0" />.

...ple per unit volume or unit weight of the water<ref>International Glossary of Hydrology, World Meteorological Organization, 2012, 471 p.</ref>. ...in bay waters: application to Tien Yen Bay (Northern Vietnam) //Frontiers of Earth Science. V. 5 (3). 2011. P. 305-316. doi.org/10.1007/s11707-011-0187-

Sediment processes is the mechanism that translates the work of hydrodynamic processes into morphological change<ref>Aagaard T., Hughes M. ...ses to vegetation restoration patterns under different rainfall regimes on the Loess Plateau // Catena (Amst). 2024. Т. 234. С. 107647.</ref>

It is the input of different pollutants into the water bodies. It occurs when contaminants enter water directly or indirectl ...amination in a region with intensive agricultural land use (Noord-Brabant, The Netherlands) // Environmental Pollution, 148(3), 695–706 p. 2007. DOI:10.

...rley G.J., Fryirs K.A. Geomorphology and River Management: Applications of the River Styles Framework. Geomorphol. River Manag. Appl. River Styles Framew. ...твия, но водопады или каскады отсутствуют.)<ref>WMO International Glossary of Hydrology. – 2012. – 461 p.</ref>

...I.; Nicolás, N.; Suárez, M.L. Defining Dry Rivers as the Most Extreme Type of Non-Perennial Fluvial Ecosystems. ''Sustainability'' 2020, ''12'', 7202. <n ...that all dry, intermittent and ephemeral rivers represent more than 50% of the global river network<ref>Raymond PA, Hartmann J, Lauerwald R, Sobek S, McDo

...ly by a divide and draining ultimately to a particular watercourse or body of water <ref>[https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/watershed Herrmann H ...m effects of nitrogen deposition on carbon assimilation characteristics in the past three decades in a typical subtropical watershed // Agricultural and F

[[Файл:Elements-of-a-river-reach-pool-riffle-and-run.png|альт=Pool and riffle|мини|300 ...standing flow at low flow stage. Alluvial pools are alternating deep areas of channel along an undulating longitudinal bed profile.

...ponent of sediment because it can regulate the sorption and bioavalibility of many contaminants<ref>Zhen-Gang J. Hydrodynamics and water quality: modelin ...son B.J., Megonigal P., Neubauer S.C., Troxler T., Wigand C. Contributions of organic and inorganic matter to sediment volume and accretion in tidal wetl

...R.J. Suspended sediment transport dynamics in rivers: Multi-scale drivers of temporal variation // Earth-Science Reviews. – 2017. <nowiki>https://doi.

...ther mechanisms which control the water-surface level upsrteam to regulate the flow or to divert water supplies into another watercourse [1] The proposed tidal barrage would generate enough electricity to supply 80,000 h

...gravimetric soil moisture content (G).<ref name=":1">Davie T. Fundamentals of Hydrology, Second Edition // Management. 2008. Vol. 298, № 10.P.200</ref> ...ent is the ratio of the weight of water in a soil to the overall weight of the soil.<ref name=":1" />

...O), United Nations Educational S. and C.O. (UNESCO) International Glossary of Hydrology. Т. 471 p. – 3rd ed. – Geneva: WMO; UNESCO, 2012.</ref>. ...d characterization of high impact hazards. Extremely low river flow is one of these situations <ref>Parey S., Gailhard J. Extreme Low Flow Estimation und

Turbidity is defined as the optical property that causes light to be scattered and absorbed rather than ...ysical property of turbidity.<ref name=":0">Popek E. Sampling and Analysis of Environmental Chemical Pollutants, Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2018, 436 p.</ref>

...ntributors. "Marine outfall." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 9 Nov. 2020. Web. 14 Mar. 2021</ref> ...n-surface waters (reuse).<ref name=":0">Schwartz Maurice, ed. Encyclopedia of Coastal Science // Springer Science & Business Media. – 2006. - P. 1213</

...R. Sensitivity of flood damage estimation to spatial resolution // Journal of Flood Risk Management. – 2018. – Т. 11. – С. S370-S381. <nowiki>htt

...ential houses or farms with water sourced from a well of adequate yield on the premises. ...fire protection, cooling circuits, general and spray irrigation, drawdown of ground water levels, pressure boosting, fountains and air-conditioning syst

The reflectivity of a surface (a unit percentage).<ref>Davie T. Fundamentals of hydrology (2nd edition). London: Routledge, 2008, 221 p.</ref> ..., K. (2004). Hydraulic controls of summer Arctic pack ice albedo// Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, Vol. 109(C8), 2004, 1-12p. DOI:10.1029/2003jc

...ppeared but hyporheic water remains.<ref>Thorp J.H., Covich A.P., Overview of Inland Water Habitats, 2015</ref><br />(фото T. Carroll)]]

...cation at Ob river..png|альт=|мини|300x300пкс|Bifurcation at Ob river near of Krashy Yar. <br /><br />]] ...abranch orientation could average 30°, and locally exceed 45°, relative to the river axis.<ref>Ashmore P., Parker G. Confluence scour in coarse braided st

...ovement of mud in a mountain watershed because of peculiar characteristics of extremely high sediment yield and occasional high runoff.<ref>Colorado Geol

...pe-transformation-from-a-river-to-a-reservoir-A-Pre-impoundment-conditions-the.png|мини|До и после создания запруды на рек '''Impoundment''' - body of water formed by collecting water, as by a dam [1].

...л:Basic-sewage-treatment-process.jpg|альт=|мини|332x332пкс|An illustration of a basic sewage treatment plant <ref>https://eschooltoday.com/learn/sewage-t ...nants from sewage to produce an effluent that is suitable for discharge to the surrounding environment or an intended reuse application, thereby preventin

...O), United Nations Educational S. and C.O. (UNESCO) International Glossary of Hydrology. Т. 471 p. – 3rd ed. – Geneva: WMO; UNESCO, 2012. ...Sefton C. Use of Abstraction and Discharge Data to Improve the Performance of a National‐Scale Hydrological Model // Water Resources Research. – 2022

...ient greater than or equal to 0.002 m/m (Jarrett, 1992) along the majority of its channel-length. Mountain rivers exhibit great variability in hydrologic ...rt rates<ref>Gintz D., Hassan M. A., SCHMIDT K. H. Frequency and magnitude of bedload transport in a mountain river //Earth Surface Processes and Landfor

A graph showing stage, discharge, velocity, or other properties of water flow with respect to time.<ref>NRSC - Engineering Hydrology Training ...ent technique to give the data for a hydrograph.<ref>Davie T. Fundamentals of Hydrology, Second Edition. – Oxon: Routledge, 2002.</ref>

...s on the size and settling velocity distributions of suspended sediment in the Pearl River Estuary, China // Continental Shelf Research. – 2004. – Vol ...wnload?doi=10.1.1.582.894&rep=rep1&type=pdf The English Russian dictionary of glacial hydrology]

'''Dam''' - barrier constructed across a valley to store water or to raise the water level [2]. ...O), United Nations Educational S. and C.O. (UNESCO) International Glossary of Hydrology. Т. 471 p. – 3rd ed. – Geneva: WMO; UNESCO, 2012.

...s''' - singlethread or multithread channels characterised by the processes of thalweg migration between channel banks.<ref>''Leopold, L.B., Wolman, M.G.'